79) This paper endeavors to elucidate the theological characteristics of Ruaḥ in the book of Ezekiel through a comprehensive review of prior scholarly interpretations. This study organizes previous scholars’ translations of the passages referring to Ruaḥ in Ezekiel, and thereby highlighting agreed-upon conclusions as well as significant areas of scholarly debate. Prominent scholars interpret Ruaḥ as “wind” in passages such as Ezekiel 1:4; 5:2, 10, 12; 12:14; 13:11, 13; 17:10, 21; 19:12; 27:26; 37:9; 42:16-20. Nevertheless, considerable debate persists regarding whether Ruaḥ in Ezekiel should be construed as “the Spirit of God” or “the human spirit” when translated as “vitality/breath.” Consequently, this study categorizes major debates into three distinct classifications. Exegetical investigations indicate that when Ruaḥ appears as a subject, it should be interpreted as “the Spirit of God” (Ez 1:12, 20, 21; 10:17), whereas when Ruaḥ is imparted to the people of Israel, it ought to be interpreted as “the human spirit” (Ez 37:5, 6, 8-10, along with 11:19; 18:31; 36:2). Furthermore, it underscores how contentious passages unmistakably signify a theological progression toward God’s “My Spirit” in subsequent verses (Ez 37:14 and 36:27).
Key Words
에스겔서의 영 연구사, 루아흐, 하나님의 영, 인간의 영, 하나님의 “나의 영”, research history on ruaḥ in the book of Ezekiel, ruaḥ, the Spirit of God, human spirit, God’s, “my Spirit”
Dialogical Pneumatology: Filioque Controversy in the Light of Dialogism 대화적 성령론: 대화론에서 바라본 필리오케(Filioque) 논쟁
47) Through the Dialogism of Russian linguistic philosopher Michael M. Bakhtin, this paper aims to solve the Filioque Controversy between Eastern and Western Church which has lasted for more than 1,500 years, and to provide a hermeneutical alternative that goes beyond theological debates and divisions. Although there have been many discussions and debates about the Holy Spirit in Christian history, the Filioque Controversy has been at the core of discussion. The doctrine of the Filioque is a discussion of the “Double Procession” of the Holy Spirit, the theory of Western Church that when the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father, the Spirit also proceeds simultaneously from the Son. Through the doctrine of the Filioque, Western Church emphasized the divinity of Christ by explaining the divine relationship between the Son and the Spirit. On the other hand, the Eastern Church emphasized perichoresis, which could explain the relationship of the Trinity well, because it was deeply concerned with the Person of the Holy Spirit due to the theological controversy with the “combators against the Spirit.” The difference between Eastern and Western Churches that emerged from the Filioque Controversy is a difference in emphasis and perspective. The unity and unification of the Christian Church is possible through hermeneutic key that does not accept ‘difference’ as grounds for ‘discrimination’ and ‘division’, but understands ‘difference’ as ‘difference’ and ‘co-existence’ and simultaneously seeks solidarity and harmony with others.
According to Bakhtin, as it is impossible to see two sides of a coin at the same time, the human perspective can only see one side of the truth. It must be in constant dialogical relationship with the other side in order to have a complete perspective. This paper proposes a mutual dialogue relationship between the Eastern and Western Churches as a way to resolve the Filioque Controversy which is a cause of conflict and division in the Eastern and Western Churches. The theological conflict and division between the Eastern and Western Churches stem from asymmetrical biases that have been solidified due to religious dogmatism and contextual differences in each side. The positive hermeneutic perspective of the Eastern and Western Churches on the Filioque did not lead to the harmony and development of the Church, but to the cause of conflict and division. Since both sides have theological justifications, there is a need for a mediated dialogue within Bakhtin’s dialogical relationship, rather than unilateral prejudice on either side. This paper proposes a hermeneutic discussion between the Eastern and Western Churches in an interdependent and mutual co-existent relationship, not one of dominance or acceptance by either side. The dialogical relationship between Eastern and Western Churches proposed in this paper is a meaningful attempt to form a social community, and Bakhtin’s dialogism will offer much hope and challenges for the future of Christianity as a hermeneutical alternative that can overcome the structures of conflict and division that exist within Christianity.
An average of 36.6 per day, or 26.0 per 100,000 people. This is the number of suicides in South Korea from 2021 announced by Statistics Korea. Why are the rates of suicide this high in South Korea? Scholars are trying to find various causes and countermeasures, but the number of suicides per year has not been decreasing. The researcher believes it’s time for Christianity to answer. There are many different causes of suicide. Financial difficulties, suffering from illness, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships are said to be the main causes of suicidal thoughts. However, the researcher thinks differently. Those who commit suicide do not simply do so because of financial difficulties, the pain of illness, or difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Youngsan states that people commit suicide because they have no hope of living. If one does not find hope in an extreme situation of despair, he/she will develop thoughts of suicide. But if he/she finds hope, he/she will live. Despair is a terrible disease that leads to death, but hope is the medicine that leads to life.
This is why we need Youngsan’s theology and message of hope in our society today. According to Youngsan, ever since Adam committed the first sin, human beings have not been able to escape from the deep quagmire of despair called the triple curse. However, the good God has opened wide the way of hope through the crucifixion of Jesus Christ through the threefold blessing. Youngsan powerfully proclaimed this message of hope in the field of ministry. This message of hope proclaimed by Youngsan was the gospel of life that saves people. In the researcher’s opinion, if Youngsan’s message of hope is used in churches, schools, and counseling settings, it can be an effective prescription for suicide prevention.
Key Words
영산, 자살, 절망, 희망, 생명의 복음, Youngsan, suicide, despair, hope, gospel of life
A Study on the Entire Pastoral Ministry of Heo Hong, One of the Three Religious Workers at the Early Pentecostal Church of Korea 초기 한국 오순절교회 3대 교역자 중 한 명인 허홍의 전(全) 목회 사역에 대한 고찰
A Study on the Entire Pastoral Ministry of Heo Hong, One of the Three Religious Workers at the Early Pentecostal Church of Korea 초기 한국 오순절교회 3대 교역자 중 한 명인 허홍의 전(全) 목회 사역에 대한 고찰
Heo Hong (1907-1991) is credited with founding a denomination known as the Assemblies of God of Korea and is widely acknowledged as a minister who embodied the ministry of the Holy Spirit within the Korean Church. He was listed among the “50 people on the 7 0th anniversary of The Assembly of God of Korea” in 2003 and among the “100 people of the Holy Spirit” in 2004.
After receiving Spirit baptism involving speaking in tongues and powers from the Pentecostal missionary Mary C. Rumsey, Heo Hong became a Pentecostal. He then established a mission workstation in Seobinggo, becoming the first Korean to found a Pentecostal church. In addition, he was the first Korean to serve as superintendent of both the Christian Pentecostal Church and the Assemblies of God of Korea (KAG). The Nambu Church, founded by him, served as the initial headquarters of the KAG, hosting its founding conference, and as the location where the Full Gospel Theology Seminary opened. Furthermore, he proposed the current Korean title for the KAG, “Hananimui Seonghoe,” played a crucial role in its selection, and served as a bridge between the Assemblies of God in America and the KAG.
However, despite his significant impact on the history of the Korean Church and the KAG, there is a lack of research about him, including research essays and dissertations. He has only been briefly mentioned in various papers and books. This study thoroughly reconstructs his entire pastoral ministry, spanning from birth to death.
Key Words
허홍, 럼지, 서빙고교회, 오순절주의, 체스넛, 하나님의 성회, 남부교회, Heo Hong, Mary C, Rumsey, Seobinggo Pentecostal Assembly, pentecostalism, Arthur B, Chesnut, the Assemblies of God, Nambu Church
Shamanistic Faith and the Meaning of the Gospel Message 샤머니즘적 기복신앙과 복음의 의미
The shamanistic health and wealth gospel, i. e. the shamanistic faith, is one of the most distinctive characteristics of Korean religious tradition that has been composed by diverse religions. The shamanistic faith has been immersed into the veins of Korean churches as an extreme form of individualism after national sufferings from the Japanese colonial period and the Korean War. Under the shamanistic faith, pastors are sometimes deemed as for shaman who mediates between shamanistic divine figures and humans, and thus congregants seek to secure various blessings from the pastor. As a result, the sense of community in Korean churches is significantly damaged and the behaviors of faith are deteriorated by shamanistic blessings. The dregs of the shamanistic faith remain today and therefore Korean churches have to examine the unchanging foundations of faith and provide this contemporary society with the reinterpretations of the essence of faith. The utilitarian view of god by the shamanistic faith only pursues individual blessings and thus is contrary to the simple faith that proclaims Jesus; whoever accepts Jesus as his or her personal savior will be saved and will partake the blessings of eternal life. Hence, Korean churches today need to reexamine the authenticity of faith by following the teachings of the Bible, by practicing the love of God, and by removing the distorted humanism inherent in the shamanistic faith.
Key Words
샤머니즘, 기복신앙, 번영신학, 축복의 복음, 복음의 의미, 한국 교회, shamanism, the health and wealth Gospel, theology of prosperity, the Gospel of blessing, the meaning of the Gospel message, Korean churches
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux’s Concept of Loving God for a Transformative Reading of the Bible 성경의 변혁적 읽기를 위한 클레르보의 성 버나드(Saint Bernard of Clairvaux)의 하나님 사랑의 개념
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux’s Concept of Loving God for a Transformative Reading of the Bible 성경의 변혁적 읽기를 위한 클레르보의 성 버나드(Saint Bernard of Clairvaux)의 하나님 사랑의 개념
This paper considers preaching to be an essential element in the formation of the spirituality of believers, including the preacher, to move from loving God for oneself to self-love for God. Loving God for one’s own good is based on individual hopes, such as wealth and success, whereas loving oneself for God is concerned with the union of the individual and the community of believers with God. In particular, the preacher’s transformative approach to the Scripture enables the individual and the audience to be united with God. At the heart of it is the process of becoming conformed to the image of Christ, beginning with love for God and continuing with the love for others. The French Cistercian theologian and preacher Bernard of Clairvaux emphasizes that the believer’s union with God comes from prayerful meditation on biblical passages. In other words, God invites the reader through the medium of His Word to deepen his love for God and to enter into a process of transformation in the reader’s relationship with the faith community to which he belongs. The writer first analyzes St. Bernard’s concept of the four loves and his sermon on the Song of Songs. This is followed by a theological-hermeneutical approach to the text, which has a theme of renunciation of self in God’s love for a mutual union with God.
Key Words
변혁적 성경 읽기, 설교자의 영성 형성, 클레르보의 성 버나드, 하나님 사랑, 신학-해석학적 읽기, 아가서 주해, transformative reading of the Bible, preacher’s spiritual formation, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, loving God, theological-hermeneutical reading, Song of Songs exegesis
A Study of the Pentecostal Spirituality and Preaching of William J. Seymour 윌리엄 J. 시모어(William J. Seymour)의 오순절 영성과 설교 고찰
88) This study not only aims to examine the spirituality and preaching theology of William J. Seymour, the leader of the Azusa Street Revival in the USA, but also to explore the characteristics of current Pentecostal churches facing crises and investigate the roots of their spirituality and preaching theology. Seymour played a pivotal role in the Azusa Street Revival, which is widely regarded as the foundation of modern Pentecostalism. While facing racial discrimination from a young age and later encountering physical adversity, Seymour’s encounter with Jesus Christ through the Holy Spirit resulted in a profound transformation in his life. His despair and discouragement turned into hope and zeal within Jesus. In the end, the workings of the Holy Spirit guided him to be the leader of the Azusa Street Revival.
This study examines Azusa Street’s theology, spirituality, and preaching established by William J. Seymour, aiming to identify areas for application to address the current challenges facing the Korean Pentecostal churches. In so doing, this study is structured as follows: Firstly, it examines the spiritual characteristics of Seymour, considered the father of American Pentecostalism. His spiritual theology comprises three main features: sin and salvation, the nature and history of the Holy Spirit, and spirituality regarding the church. Secondly, this study explores Seymour’s preaching theology, which includes five key themes: justification by faith, entire sanctification, gifts and tongues, atonement and healing, and the imminent return of Christ. Thirdly, through an examination of Seymour’s spirituality and preaching theology, this study aims to propose three areas for application to the Korean Assemblies of God: restoration of Azusa Street’s spirituality, restoration of Azusa Street’s preaching, and revival of prayer for practical confession within the Korean Assemblies of God.
Key Words
윌리엄 시모어, 아주사 거리 부흥 운동, 시모어의 오순절 영성, 시모어 설교 신학, 성령세례, 칭의와 성화, 세계 복음화, 세계 선교, William J. Seymour, the Azusa Street Revival, Seymour’s Pentecostal Spirituality, Seymour’s preaching theology, Spirit Baptism, justification and sanctification, global evangelization, world mission
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Understanding of Anxiety in the Light of Trinitarian Anthropology 삼위일체적 인간학으로 본 프로이트의 정신분석적 불안 이해
Depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, stress-related adjustment disorders, and schizophrenia are the most frequently diagnosed mental illnesses among people living through the pandemic. Depression and anxiety disorders in particular have been an increasingly diagnosed problem. In the perspective of psychoanalysis, anxiety is a nodal point at which the most various and important problems converge. For example, anxiety is not only a phenomenon in itself, but it can also cause other mental illnesses. This is evidence that the human body and mind are interrelated. The Bible views humanity as a whole person, a unity of spirit [and soul] and body, emphasizing their strength and well being. S. Freud can be considered a psychoanalytic theorist to scientifically demonstrate this biblical view of humanity. His psychosomatic synthesis of the human being led to an in-depth study of the causes of anxiety in the mind and its physical manifestations. Freud argued that the root of anxiety lies in the separation(anxiety) from the longed-for object. In other words, human beings are inherently anxious from within, and healing for anxiety lies in scrutinizing the inner world and confronting the unconscious conflicts. However, the biblical human being is not just a synthesis of mind and body. Rather, humanity was created in the image of God. The prototype of humanity is the Trinitarian God. God is one in the unity of Three Persons. The mode of God’s Being is not inward, but outward(ek-stasis). Freud’s anthropology is introverted, whereas the biblical humanity is externally oriented. The purpose of this study is to critique Freud’s philosophical anthropology as manifested in his theory of anxiety in terms of a theological perspective. In addition, this study intends to combine Freud’s theory of anxiety and theological understanding on anxiety in order to better understand human beings and their anxiety, so that it can develop a more integrated understanding of the health of the human spirit. For the purpose of this project, this paper will first examine Freud’s theory of anxiety as they developed throughout his life, and then, critically review it from a theological perspective.
